Professional, peer-reviewed papers on the historical, scientific, biblical, and theological issues related to Noah’s flood
The Tharthar Depression is Not the Escarpment: Reply to Griffith and White
Anne Habermehl • March 19, 2025
There are implications for the location of the Tower of Babel.
To the Ark, and Back Again? Using the Marsupial Fossil Record to Investigate the Post-Flood Boundary: A Reply
Chad Arment • Jan. 8, 2025
Chad Arment responds to Nathan Mogk’s 2025 critique of his 2020 marsupial migration model.
To the Ark, and Back Again? Using the Marsupial Fossil Record to Investigate the Post-Flood Boundary: A Comment
Nathan W. Mogk • Jan. 8, 2025
Nathan Mogk questions Chad Arment’s 2020 marsupial migration model.
Oard’s Ice Age and Settlement of Northern Europe on Masoretic and Septuagint Timelines
Eric J. Tweedy • Dec. 11, 2024
Evaluation of Oard’s Ice Age model, comparing Masoretic and Septuagint timelines and using historical references on Babel and northern Europe’s colonization to assess the 700-year duration.
The Genesis “Fountains of the Great Deep” in Christian Theology and Geology: History and Theology
James E. Patrick , et. al. • Dec. 4, 2024
The thesis of this two-part paper is that the Genesis “fountains of the great deep” carries powerful theological and geological implications not to be ignored.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History: Parts 1–5. Reply
Kenneth C. Griffith , et. al. • Oct. 2, 2024
The authors of the series, “Chronological Framework of Ancient History” respond to critiques.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. Papers 1–5. Comments
Eric J. Tweedy • Oct. 2, 2024
The author calls some of the conclusions in an earlier series, “Chronological Framework of Ancient History,” into question.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. Papers 1–5: Comments
Anne Habermehl • Aug. 7, 2024
Anne Habermehl claims that the Griffith and White’s series, Chronological Framework of Ancient History, reinforces the longer Septuagint timeline.
The Ark Landing, The Migration, and the Early Settling of Noah’s Sons. Part 1: The Beginning and the Sons of Shem—Reply
A. John M. Osgood • June 19, 2024
Osgood responds to Habermehl’s objection of his concept and rejection of some archaeological findings.
The Ark Landing, The Migration, and the Early Settling of Noah’s Sons. Part 1: The Beginning and the Sons of Shem—Comments
Anne Habermehl • June 19, 2024
Anne Habermehl argues that archaeology is not the only discipline that needs to be applied in determining much that happened in history. A. John M. Osgood responds in a second article.
A Biblical Timescale for Radiocarbon Dating
Marshall Jordan • May 29, 2024
The low content of C-14 in fossil fuels implies that the atmospheric C-14 level in the pre-Flood world was less than 1% of today’s level, in contrast to the uniformitarian assumption.
Where in the World Is the Tower of Babel? Comments
A. John M. Osgood • March 13, 2024
This is the first of a three-part series. This first paper discusses Habermehl’s 2011 paper, “Where in the World is the Tower of Babel?”
The Whitmore Helipad Fold, Western Grand Canyon, Arizona
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Feb. 28, 2024
The Bright Angel Formation beds easily responded to soft-sediment deformation to form the smooth bending in the Whitmore Helipad fold.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 5: The Babylonian Dynasties of Berossus
Kenneth C. Griffith , et. al. • Dec. 20, 2023
The Babylonian dynasties of Berossus are incomplete. The authors solve for the missing values. The resulting table of Berossus covers the era from the Flood to the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus.
The Ark Landing, the Migration, and the Early Settling of Noah’s Sons. Part 1: The Beginning and the Sons of Shem
A. John M. Osgood • Oct. 4, 2023
As a result of archaeological research, the landing of the sons of Noah and their early movements are able to be followed. It will be argued that biblical history makes sense of the findings.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 4: Dating Creation and the Deluge
Kenneth C. Griffith , et. al. • Sept. 20, 2023
This is the fourth paper in a series with the goal to build a model of ancient history consistent with the biblical text using durations by ancient chroniclers.
The Monument Fold, Central Grand Canyon, Arizona
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Aug. 9, 2023
Because the Tapeats Sandstone beds were still relatively unlithified and soft less than a year after rapid burial, they easily responded to soft-sediment deformation.
Heat Problems Associated with Genesis Flood Models—Part 4: Heat Deposited by Magmatic Activity
William Worraker • May 17, 2023
In Part 4 of this series key sources of Flood heat are identified. The primary concern is with the heat deposited as a result of Flood and post-Flood magmatic activity.
Ruminating on Created Kinds and Ark Kinds
Chad Arment • Nov. 30, 2022
Understanding the relationship between created kinds and Ark kinds is a key issue in creation science, especially as it has bearing on the Flood/post-Flood boundary debate.
Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 1: Problem, Data, and Methodology
Kenneth C. Griffith , et. al. • Nov. 16, 2022
This series of papers makes the case that a broad consensus of ancient sources speaks in harmony with Ussher’s chronology of the Bible.
Decoding a World Navel “Visual Language” Through Ideational Cognitive Archaeology
James Powell • Oct. 12, 2022
Only a Flood koine (with a distinctive and historic world navel) can fully explain the close-knit pattern of evidence found across material cultures.
Ichnofossils Refute Hydroplate Theory’s Liquefaction Submodel
Edward A. Isaacs • May 11, 2022
Ichnofossil data challenge Hydroplate Theory’s credibility—a theory purporting to explain the global stratigraphic record and its paleontological constituents.
A New Flood Chronology Based on Seven-Day Creation Cycles
Warren H. Johns • April 13, 2022
This study begins by linking Flood chronology with Creation chronology, which simply has a sequence of seven literal days ending with a sabbath day.
Using Stromatolites to Rethink the Precambrian-Cambrian Pre-Flood/Flood Boundary
Ken P Coulson • May 5, 2021
Many creationists are actively engaged in finding the Flood/post-Flood boundary, but most creationists consider the Precambrian-Cambrian contact more attractive.
The Grand Canyon, Monument to an Ancient Earth: The Deceptions Continue
Dr. Terry Mortenson • Dec. 2, 2020
The Grand Canyon, Monument to Ancient Earth? rejects the truth of Genesis regarding the Flood and the age of the earth.
Implications of Creation Biology for a Neogene-Quaternary Flood/Post-Flood Boundary
Chad Arment • Nov. 4, 2020
While several current Flood models posit an Upper Cenozoic Flood Boundary, none of them address the problem of biblical kinds and their relationship Genesis.
The Mesopotamian Deluge Accounts: Neither History Nor Revelation
Jason W. Landless • Sept. 30, 2020
The deluge poems of Mesopotamia are soaked in a moral and theological framework that is not just different from Genesis but utterly hostile to it.
Inerrancy and Biblical Authority: How and Why Old-Earth Inerrantists Are Unintentionally Undermining Inerrancy
Dr. Terry Mortenson • Sept. 16, 2020
The old-earth signers of the CSBInerrancy unintentionally violated their own principles of interpretation and unintentionally undermined the inerrancy and the authority of Scripture.
Remembering Spillover Erosion of Grand Canyon
Dr. Steve Austin , et. al. • Sept. 9, 2020
We should remember an important fact—creationist and evolutionist thinking about spillover continues to make a significant contribution to our understanding of erosion of Grand Canyon.
It’s for the Birds: Avian Fine-Tuning of Flood Chronology
Dr. Steven W. Boyd • Aug. 26, 2020
Genesis 8:5–13 reveals the character of Noah and delimits the time of the water’s becoming powerful to between 16 and 23 days after the Flood began.
Heat Problems Associated with Genesis Flood Models—Part 3: Vapour Canopy Models
William Worraker • Aug. 5, 2020
The biblical and scientific arguments for a pre-Flood vapour canopy do not support the theory.
Heat Problems Associated with Genesis Flood Models—Part 2: Secondary Temperature Indicators
William Worraker • Sept. 18, 2019
The Genesis Flood produced drastic geological changes involving extremely energetic processes which also generated an enormous heat load.
The Challenge of Fossil Forests for Creationist Research
Warren H. Johns • Aug. 7, 2019
The central issue among creationists is whether any purported fossil forests are truly autochthonous.
Living Evidence of a Global Catastrophe: How Microbial Biogeography Supports Noah’s Flood
Dr. Andrew Fabich • Oct. 17, 2018
The biblical account of Noah’s Flood provides an update to modern microbial biogeography and modern creation apologetics.
Heat Problems Associated with Genesis Flood Models—Part 1: Introduction and Thermal Boundary Conditions
William Worraker • July 11, 2018
The Genesis Flood produced drastic geological changes involving extremely energetic processes which also generated an enormous heat load.
Numerical Modeling of the Large-Scale Erosion, Sediment Transport, and Deposition Processes of the Genesis Flood (Revised)
Dr. John Baumgardner • June 27, 2018
This paper describes a numerical model for investigating the large-scale erosion, transport, and sedimentation processes associated with the Genesis Flood.
Problems with the U-Pb Radioisotope Dating Methods—2. U and Pb Mobility
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • June 13, 2018
Since the amount of U and Pb mobility in most cases has been small, then the determinations can be used to provide useful relative ages.
The Sedimentary Record Demonstrates Minimal Flooding of the Continents During Sauk Deposition
Dr. Timothy L. Clarey , et. al. • Dec. 6, 2017
The published global sea level curve is inaccurate in an absolute sense, and the Sauk megasequence represented only a partial start to the global Flood.
Rounding of Quartz and K-Feldspar Sand From Beach to Dune Settings Along the California and Oregon Coastlines: Implications for Ancient Sandstones
Dr. John H. Whitmore , et. al. • Nov. 15, 2017
Size and roundness statistics were generated for 17 samples. The quartz and K-feldspar showed statistically significant rounding from the beach to the dune.
Colossal Water Flows During Early Creation Week and Early Flood
Harry Dickens • Sept. 27, 2017
North America’s Proterozoic geology provides evidence for enormous erosion and the formation of extensive water flow systems, even spanning the continent.
Problems with the U-Pb Radioisotope Dating Methods—1. Common Pb
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • July 26, 2017
Problems remain in the interpretation of the measured Pb isotopic ratios to transform them into ages.
Do the Data Support a Large Meteorite Impact at Chicxulub?
Dr. Timothy L. Clarey • March 8, 2017
The evidence for a large impact at Chicxulub may not be as strong as generally believed. A case can also be made that there was no impact.
Determination of the Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Uranium-238 (238U) and Uranium-235 (235U), and the Implications for U-Pb and Pb-Pb Radioisotope Dating Methodologies
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Jan. 18, 2017
Without accurately known decay half-lives, all radioisotope ages cannot be accurately determined or be considered absolute ages.
Do Varves, Tree-Rings, and Radiocarbon Measurements Prove an Old Earth?
Dr. Jake Hebert , et. al. • Dec. 7, 2016
The BioLogos Foundation published a popular-level article by old-earth geologists Gregg Davidson and Ken Wolgemuth presenting arguments for an old earth.
Scriptural Geology, Then and Now
Warren H. Johns • Nov. 30, 2016
The place of the biblical Flood in the geological record remains one of the most hotly debated issues among creationist geologists today.
The Nature of the Neo-Darwinian Evangelicals’ Criticism of Young-Earth Creationists
Jim Owen • Nov. 23, 2016
If we do not understand the dimensions of the war we are engaged in, we are already halfway to theological and historical oblivion.
The Last Week before the Flood
Dr. Steven W. Boyd • Aug. 17, 2016
While attempting to elucidate the general chronological profile of the events of the first week, we hope to answer two specific significant questions.
Numerical Modeling of the Large-Scale Erosion, Sediment Transport, and Deposition Processes of the Genesis Flood
Dr. John Baumgardner • Feb. 24, 2016
Accounting for thick sediment sequences blanketing the surfaces of the continents is a paramount issue for understanding physical aspects of the Genesis Flood.
Terrestrial Vertebrates Dissolved Near Flood Fountains
Harry Dickens , et. al. • Nov. 18, 2015
Terrestrial vertebrates close to the Flood fountains dissolved then precipitated out to form Precambrian-Cambrian sedimentary phosphate deposits.
How Long Did the Flood Last?
Dr. Danny R. Faulkner • May 13, 2015
Belief that the Flood lasted 371 days is common among recent creationists, but there are other possibilities.
Physical Difficulties with Hugh Ross’ Local Flood Model
Dr. Danny R. Faulkner • April 15, 2015
There are at least three problems with Hugh Ross’ local flood model which render it physically impossible. This is in addition to numerous biblical issues.
Can One Astronomically Date the Flood within the Hydroplate Model?
Dr. Danny R. Faulkner • April 1, 2015
Dr. Danny Faulkner analyzes Dr. Walt Brown’s determination of the date of the Flood within his hydroplate model using the orbits of two comets.
Old Earth Theology: A Factor that Explains Inconsistent Belief of Inerrancy Among Florida Southern Baptists
David Mcgee • Oct. 1, 2014
A major shift in thinking seems to be occurring in contemporary evangelical thinking.
Fossil Baramins on Noah’s Ark: The “Amphibians”
Dr. Marcus Ross • Sept. 17, 2014
When added to previously determined kinds of extant anurans, caudates, and gymnophionans, a total of 248 amphibian kinds may have been brought on board the Ark.
An Initial Estimate toward Identifying and Numbering Extant Tuatara, Amphisbaena, and Snake Kinds
Tom Hennigan • Feb. 19, 2014
The purpose of this paper is to use all available information in order to make an initial estimate of the identification and numbers of extant Lepidosaur kinds, except for the “lizards.”
An Initial Estimate toward Identifying and Numbering the Ark Turtle and Crocodile Kinds
Tom Hennigan • Jan. 8, 2014
Biosystematics is in great flux today because of the plethora of genetic research continually shedding light on organism relationships.
An Initial Estimate of Avian Ark Kinds
Dr. Jean Lightner • Nov. 27, 2013
This paper will focus on identifying extant bird kinds.
An Analysis of the Dodwell Hypothesis
Dr. Danny R. Faulkner • May 15, 2013
Danny R. Faulkner, AiG–U.S., examines the Dodwell hypothesis, that the earth underwent a catastrophic impact in 2345 BC that altered its axial tilt and then gradually recovered by about 1850.
An Initial Estimate Toward Identifying and Numbering Amphibian Kinds within the Orders Caudata and Gymnophiona
Tom Hennigan • Jan. 23, 2013
An initial attempt to count and identify biblical kinds in amphibian orders Caudata and Gymnophiona were estimated using current information and several key assumptions and guidelines.
Creation Date of Adam from the Perspective of Young-Earth Creationism
David Mcgee • Nov. 28, 2012
This article reveals how young-earth creationists have concluded the approximate age of Adam and to explain the reason for a 6,000 year range between both groups.
Numerical Simulations of Three Nor’easters with a Warm Atlantic Ocean
Dr. Larry Vardiman , et. al. • March 28, 2012
Analyses and numerical simulations were conducted on three recent nor’easters which formed on the East Coast of the United States to explore the effects of warmer-than-normal sea-surface temperatures.
Numerical Simulations of Hypercanes Charley and Fay in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico over a Warm Ocean
Wesley Brewer , et. al. • Feb. 29, 2012
Two tropical cyclones were simulated with the NCAR WRF model to determine if warm sea-surface temperatures would cause them to intensify into hypercanes and follow similar storm tracks as the origin
Untangling Uniformitarianism, Level II: Actualism in Crisis
Dr. John K. Reed • Nov. 30, 2011
Although the term uniformitarianism was not introduced until 1832, the concepts that Lyell so cleverly fused together had already been operating in the nascent discipline of geology for some decades
Determining the Ark Kinds
Dr. Jean Lightner , et. al. • Aug. 1, 2014
This research effort provides information necessary for the best possible reconstruction of the animal kinds preserved on the Ark for the Ark Encounter.
Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis
Matt McClellan • Aug. 24, 2011
This paper will look at the different possibilities that can be constructed concerning how long each dynasty lasted and how they relate to the biblical dates of the Flood, Tower, and Patriarchs.
A Well-Watered Land: Numerical Simulations of a Hypercyclone in the Middle East
Dr. Larry Vardiman , et. al. • April 13, 2011
A hypercyclone was simulated over the Arabian Sea to test enhanced precipitation over the Middle East and explain evidence for greater vegetation in the past.
Where in the World Is the Tower of Babel?
Anne Habermehl • March 23, 2011
This biblical story is believed by many to be the record of a real historical event that took place after the worldwide Flood, at a time when the earth’s population still lived together in one place.
The Geology of Israel within the Biblical Creation-Flood Framework of History: 2. The Flood Rocks
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Dec. 15, 2010
The sedimentary strata that cover most of Israel are an obvious record of the Genesis Flood.
The Geology of Israel Within the Biblical Creation-Flood Framework of History: 1. The Pre-Flood Rocks
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Sept. 8, 2010
Understanding the geology of Israel would provide background to biblical events, and potential insights as to where and how they happened.
Numerical Simulation of Precipitation in Yosemite National Park with a Warm Ocean: Deep Upper Low and Rex Blocking Pattern Case Studies
Dr. Larry Vardiman , et. al. • July 14, 2010
Precipitation from two cold, winter orographic storms in Yosemite National Park and the Sierra Nevada was simulated with the NCAR mesoscale weather model called WRF.
Geomorphology of Uluṟu, Australia
Ken Patrick • June 9, 2010
A Australian inselberg, Uluṟu, is an interesting geological feature in that its geomorphology is still a matter of controversy among conventional geologists.
Untangling Uniformitarianism
Dr. John K. Reed • March 17, 2010
Of the nine terms associated with uniformitarianism, seven can be replaced or eliminated, which refutes the accusation that diluvialists do not understand uniformitarianism.
Systematic Theology Texts and the Age of the Earth
Dr. Terry Mortenson • Dec. 16, 2009
In the past few decades there has been a growing controversy in society and in the Church over evolution and the age of the earth.
Genetics of Coat Color II
Dr. Jean Lightner • June 10, 2009
Recognizing the population bottleneck which occurred in land animals at the time of the Flood, it is clear that genetic variation was once more limited than it is today.
Implications of Polonium Radiohalos in Nested Plutons of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, Yosemite, California
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling , et. al. • April 8, 2009
Polonium radiohalos found in biotite flakes of granites in Yosemite National Park place severe time constraints on the formation and cooling of the granite plutons.
Chalk and “Upper Cretaceous” Deposits are Part of the Noachian Flood
John Matthews • March 25, 2009
Certain features of the “Upper Cretaceous” period correspond closely with the biblical account of the Noachian Flood around day 150, and uniformitarian explanations for “chalk” are inadequate.
Radiocarbon Ages for Fossil Ammonites and Wood in Cretaceous Strata near Redding, California
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Dec. 10, 2008
Measurable radiocarbon has been detected in fossils from the earliest days of radiocarbon dating. When these data are put in perspective, their deadly significance to uniformitarianism is apparent.
Genetics of Coat Color I
Dr. Jean Lightner • Oct. 8, 2008
Given the number of alleles within baramins, much of the diversity at this locus must have developed since the genetic bottleneck at the Flood where only a single breeding pair was preserved.
Mars, a Testament to Catastrophe
Charles Creager, Jr. • July 23, 2008
The unlikely geographic relationship between these gigantic features suggests a cause and effect relationship between them. This implies a global Martian catastrophe comparable to the Genesis Flood.
Testing the Hydrothermal Fluid Transport Model for Polonium Radiohalo Formation: The Thunderhead Sandstone, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee–North Carolina
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • March 26, 2008
The regional metamorphism, the hydrothermal fluid flows, the cooling of the regional metamorphic complex, and the formation of the Po radiohalos all had to have occurred within a few weeks.
Catastrophic Granite Formation
Dr. Andrew A. Snelling • Feb. 6, 2008
The timescale for the generation of granitic magmas and their subsequent intrusion, crystallization, and cooling as plutons is no longer incompatible with the biblical time frames.
Noah’s Flood on Answers Research Journal
Since the rise of uniformitarian geology in the late eighteenth century, the biblical account of the Flood in Noah’s day has been rejected and even ridiculed by the majority in the scientific community. Many Christians have accepted the secular timeline and reinterpreted the flood account as referring to a regional or local event, or even a myth, rather than a worldwide catastrophe that covered the entire globe as the Bible clearly describes. Even in the church, many people have rejected the traditional understanding of Noah’s Flood as a worldwide, catastrophic event.
The biblical Flood plays a significant role in discussions about the age of the earth as well as the historical and scientific accuracy of Scripture. Uniformitarians view these layers as irrefutable evidence that the earth is billions of years old. They also interpret the fossils found in the strata as corroborating the evolutionary belief that life on earth evolved from simple to complex creatures. Biblical creationists instead believe that most of the sedimentary layers around the globe were deposited by the Flood of Noah’s day and its aftermath. ARJ papers show that most sedimentary layers were deposited by the Flood, and the secular views of earth’s vast ages and biological evolution are seriously undermined.
These Answers Research Journal (ARJ) articles focus on the biblical, theological, historical, and scientific issues related to Noah’s Flood and defend the view that it was a global event. Research papers cover the proper understanding of the biblical Flood narrative, the correct interpretation of the sedimentary layers and the fossils found therein, and historical evidence of the Flood found among the world’s cultures.