![Baraminic Analysis of Crocodylia Based on Mitochondrial DNA Similarity](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v16/wiki-commons-crocodylia.jpg)
Baraminic Analysis of Crocodylia Based on Mitochondrial DNA Similarity
Matthew Cserhati • May 31, 2023
Are all crocodilians part of the same created kind, or are there multiple crocodilian kinds?
![Facts Cannot be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #3: Necessity of Matching the Coding and the Decoding Systems](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/necessity-of-bio-monomers.jpg)
Facts Cannot be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #3: Necessity of Matching the Coding and the Decoding Systems
Change Laura Tan • March 23, 2022
DNA, however long it is and however many genes it can encode, is nothing without the molecular machineries to decode its encoded genes.
![Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #2: Challenges in Generating the First Gene-encoding Template DNA or RNA](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/necessity-of-bio-monomers.jpg)
Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #2: Challenges in Generating the First Gene-encoding Template DNA or RNA
Change Laura Tan • March 23, 2022
This article argues that it is practically impossible to generate the first DNA (or RNA) template abiotically.
![Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #1: The Necessity of Bio-monomers Not to Self-Link for the Existence of Living Organisms](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/necessity-of-bio-monomers.jpg)
Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #1: The Necessity of Bio-monomers Not to Self-Link for the Existence of Living Organisms
Change Laura Tan • March 9, 2022
The required automatic self-linking of monomers for abiogenesis is incompatible with the genetic information coding and decoding system that is necessary for life.
![Liver Evolution Claims Fail](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/liver-evolution-claims-fail.jpg)
Liver Evolution Claims Fail
Dr. Jerry Bergman • Oct. 20, 2021
An enormous unbridgeable gap exists between invertebrates, who do not have livers, and vertebrates, who cannot live without them.
![The Spleen, Once Regarded as Vestigial, Now Recognized as a Critically Important Organ](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.61x.46,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v14/the-spleen-once-regarded.jpg)
The Spleen, Once Regarded as Vestigial, Now Recognized as a Critically Important Organ
Dr. Jerry Bergman • June 30, 2021
The spleen is now acknowledged to be a critical organ serving at least six different important functions.
![The History of Using Radiation to Speed Up Evolution](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v14/using-radiation-to-speed-up-evolution-.jpg)
The History of Using Radiation to Speed Up Evolution
Dr. Jerry Bergman • March 24, 2021
The history of the mutation theory as the foundation of the source of new genetic information is reviewed.
![Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney Baffles Evolutionists](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.71x.20,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v14/evolution-of-the-vertebrate-kidney-baffles-evolutionists.jpg)
Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney Baffles Evolutionists
Dr. Jerry Bergman • Feb. 24, 2021
An unbridgeable gap exists between the simple urinary system used in invertebrates and the far more complex kidney system used in all vertebrates.
![Response to “Still No Replacement of Darwin: A Reply to Nathaniel Jeanson’s Response to My Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species”](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.42x.27,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v11/still-no-replacement-to-darwin-and-response.jpg)
Response to “Still No Replacement of Darwin: A Reply to Nathaniel Jeanson’s Response to My Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species”
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • Nov. 21, 2018
Frello’s recent critique is helpful progress in our discussion, and it argues for the strength of the science in Replacing Darwin.
![Still No Replacement of Darwin—A Reply to Nathanial Jeanson’s Response to my Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.43x.24,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v11/still-no-replacement-to-darwin-and-response.jpg)
Still No Replacement of Darwin—A Reply to Nathanial Jeanson’s Response to my Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species
Stefan Frello • Nov. 21, 2018
I used to think that when creationists talk about creation and evolution as a clash between worldviews, they were wrong. Jeanson has helped me change my mind.
![Response to “No Replacement of Darwin: A Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species”](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.47x.23,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v11/no-replacement-to-darwin-and-response.jpg)
Response to “No Replacement of Darwin: A Review of Replacing Darwin—The New Origin of Species”
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • April 25, 2018
Ironically, Frello has actually done me a great favor; his review ends up bolstering my original claims.
![No Replacement of Darwin](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.47x.23,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v11/no-replacement-to-darwin-and-response.jpg)
No Replacement of Darwin
Stefan Frello • April 25, 2018
Jeanson takes on a formidable task: To show that the theory of evolution is wrong, and to replace it with biblical creation. To make it short: Jeanson fails.
![Molecular Structures Shared by Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Show Signs of Only Analogy and Not Homology](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v9/molecular-structures-shared-by-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.jpg)
Molecular Structures Shared by Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Show Signs of Only Analogy and Not Homology
Jean O’Micks • Nov. 9, 2016
Until now there have been two basic theories on the evolution of cellular complexity.
![Beyond the DNA-Protein Paradox: A “Clutch” of Other Chicken-Egg Paradoxes in Cell and Molecular Biology](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.50x.40,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v9/beyond-dna-protein-paradox-clutch-of-chicken-egg.jpg)
Beyond the DNA-Protein Paradox: A “Clutch” of Other Chicken-Egg Paradoxes in Cell and Molecular Biology
Derrick M. Glasco • Aug. 31, 2016
The DNA-protein paradox has long been a point of contention in the origin of life debate.
![On the Origin of Eukaryotic Species’ Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.52x.30,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v9/origin-of-eukaryotic-species-genotypic-and-phenotypic.jpg)
On the Origin of Eukaryotic Species’ Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson , et. al. • April 20, 2016
This study shows that created heterozygosity, together with natural processes that are observable, is sufficient to account for species’ diversity.
![Using Taxonomically Restricted Essential Genes to Determine Whether Two Organisms Can Belong to the Same Family Tree](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.49x.66,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/using-restricted-genes-organisms-belong-same-tree.jpg)
Using Taxonomically Restricted Essential Genes to Determine Whether Two Organisms Can Belong to the Same Family Tree
Change Laura Tan • Nov. 4, 2015
How are all life forms connected? Are they linked by one giant family tree, a web, or a forest of family trees?
![Challenging the BioLogos Claim that a Vitellogenin (Egg-Laying) Pseudogene Exists in the Human Genome](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.57x.71,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/challening-biologos-claim-egg-laying-exists-in-human.jpg)
Challenging the BioLogos Claim that a Vitellogenin (Egg-Laying) Pseudogene Exists in the Human Genome
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Oct. 21, 2015
Interestingly, BioLogos is probably the only evolutionary group that puts such a high level of focus on this hypothesis as key evidence for evolution.
![The Genesis and Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA): An Example of Evolution in Action?](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/genesis-and-emergence-staphylococcus-aureus.jpg)
The Genesis and Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA): An Example of Evolution in Action?
Dr. Alan L. Gillen , et. al. • Oct. 14, 2015
We have seen a changing profile from HA-MRSA to CA-MRSA. This is potentially dangerous because the new strains are more virulent and aggressive.
![Documented Anomaly in Recent Versions of the BLASTN Algorithm and a Complete Reanalysis of Chimpanzee and Human Genome-Wide DNA Similarity Using Nucmer and LASTZ](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/chimpanzee.jpg)
Documented Anomaly in Recent Versions of the BLASTN Algorithm and a Complete Reanalysis of Chimpanzee and Human Genome-Wide DNA Similarity Using Nucmer and LASTZ
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Oct. 7, 2015
Past evolutionary research in comparative DNA analysis between chimps and humans has employed a great deal of preferential and selective data analysis.
![A Young-Earth Creation Human Mitochondrial DNA “Clock”: Whole Mitochondrial Genome Mutation Rate Confirms D-Loop Results](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.48x.89,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/young-earth-creation-human-mitochondrial-dna-clock.jpg)
A Young-Earth Creation Human Mitochondrial DNA “Clock”: Whole Mitochondrial Genome Mutation Rate Confirms D-Loop Results
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • Sept. 23, 2015
New data agree with the expectations from D-loop results, further confirming the origin of humans within 6000 years and rejecting evolutionary timescales.
![Is HIV-1 Losing Fitness Due to Genetic Entropy?](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/testing-hiv.jpg)
Is HIV-1 Losing Fitness Due to Genetic Entropy?
Yingguang Liu • July 1, 2015
HIV-1 is an important example which shows genetic entropy operating throughout the biological realm, even while meaningful genetic adaptations are occurring.
![Mutations in the nef Gene make HIV-1 More Virulent](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/testing-blood.jpg)
Mutations in the nef Gene make HIV-1 More Virulent
Yingguang Liu • June 17, 2015
Mutational degeneration of the nef gene manifests as increased pathogenicity of HIV-1.
![Mitochondrial DNA Clocks Imply Linear Speciation Rates Within “Kinds”](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/clocks-dna.jpg)
Mitochondrial DNA Clocks Imply Linear Speciation Rates Within “Kinds”
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • June 3, 2015
The mechanism of speciation remains one of the most contested scientific questions among both evolutionists and creationists.
![Cyclic Selection in HIV–1 Tropism: Microevolution That Is Going Nowhere](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/hiv-test.jpg)
Cyclic Selection in HIV–1 Tropism: Microevolution That Is Going Nowhere
Yingguang Liu • April 29, 2015
The molecular interaction of HIV-1 is merely cyclic fine-tuning of an existing function and illustrates the broken relationship between the virus and the host.
![Information Processing Differences Between Bacteria and Eukarya—Implications for the Myth of Eukaryogenesis](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/bacteria-microscope.jpg)
Information Processing Differences Between Bacteria and Eukarya—Implications for the Myth of Eukaryogenesis
Change Laura Tan , et. al. • March 25, 2015
Based on differences in gene sets and molecular machines between bacteria and eukarya, we continue to demonstrate that unbridgeable evolutionary chasms exist.
![Information Processing Differences Between Archaea and Eukarya—Implications for Homologs and the Myth of Eukaryogenesis](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/cancer-cells.jpg)
Information Processing Differences Between Archaea and Eukarya—Implications for Homologs and the Myth of Eukaryogenesis
Change Laura Tan , et. al. • March 18, 2015
In the grand evolutionary paradigm, the origin of the eukaryotic cell represents one of the great mysteries and key hypothetical transitions of life.
![Christians, the Brain, and Person: Conceptual Confusion, Unintelligibility, and Implications](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.49x.38,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v7/christians-the-brain-and-person.jpg)
Christians, the Brain, and Person: Conceptual Confusion, Unintelligibility, and Implications
Callie Joubert • June 11, 2014
That psychological properties can be attributed to a brain is a popular notion, even among Christians. This paper argues that such claims are incorrect.
![The Human GULO Pseudogene—Evidence for Evolutionary Discontinuity and Genetic Entropy](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.72x.35,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v7/human-gulo-pseudogene-evidence-for-evolutionary-discontinuity.jpg)
The Human GULO Pseudogene—Evidence for Evolutionary Discontinuity and Genetic Entropy
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • April 2, 2014
Modern genomics provides the ability to screen the DNA of a wide variety of organisms to scrutinize broken metabolic pathways. This data has revealed wide-spread genetic entropy in human genomes.
![Recent, Functionally Diverse Origin for Mitochondrial Genes from ~2700 Metazoan Species](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v6/cells-microscope.jpg)
Recent, Functionally Diverse Origin for Mitochondrial Genes from ~2700 Metazoan Species
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • Dec. 11, 2013
The young-earth creation model currently lacks a robust explanation for molecular diversity.
![Chimeras, Cybrids, and Hybrids: A Christian’s Observations and Critique of Some Aspects of the Controversy Involving the Mixing of Human and Animal Materials for Scientific Research](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v6/cells-research.jpg)
Chimeras, Cybrids, and Hybrids: A Christian’s Observations and Critique of Some Aspects of the Controversy Involving the Mixing of Human and Animal Materials for Scientific Research
Callie Joubert • Sept. 18, 2013
On July 22, 2011, some readers of the Daily Mail UK were stunned by news that “Scientists have created more than 150 human-animal embryos in British laboratories.”
![How Genomes are Sequenced and Why it Matters: Implications for Studies in Comparative Genomics of Humans and Chimpanzees](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v4/chimp-genome.jpg)
How Genomes are Sequenced and Why it Matters: Implications for Studies in Comparative Genomics of Humans and Chimpanzees
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • June 22, 2011
When evaluating comparisons between genomes using DNA sequence, it is important to understand the nature of how that sequence was obtained and bioinformatically manipulated before drawing conclusions.
![The Human Retina Shows Evidence of Good Design](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v4/eye-retina.jpg)
The Human Retina Shows Evidence of Good Design
Dr. Jerry Bergman • June 8, 2011
Darwinists try to disprove the argument from design by providing examples of what they claim are poor design.
![Toward an Accurate Model of Variation in DNA](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v4/DNA-variation.jpg)
Toward an Accurate Model of Variation in DNA
Mitchel Soltys • March 2, 2011
The Bible’s description of created kinds implies an information model which uses variables. The findings in this paper show that a model which uses variables forms a basis for understanding biology.
![Towards a Creationary Classification of Mutations](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.64x.16,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/towards-a-creationary-classification-of-mutations.jpg)
Towards a Creationary Classification of Mutations
Jonathan Bartlett • Dec. 2, 2009
Mutations are normally classified according to their proximal effect on an organism’s fitness, whether beneficial, deleterious, or neutral.
![The Role of Genomic Islands, Mutation, and Displacement in the Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.56x.23,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/bacteria-sample.jpg)
The Role of Genomic Islands, Mutation, and Displacement in the Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Dr. Georgia Purdom • Oct. 28, 2009
Bacteria are mostly beneficial, even though a minority are known as pathogens. They are necessary for natural processes such as human digestion and biogeochemical cycling.
![Fungi from the Biblical Perspective](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/mushrooms-fungi.jpg)
Fungi from the Biblical Perspective
Ira Loucks • Oct. 21, 2009
Fungi are intriguing organisms with a wealth of diversity in their morphology and ecology. Determining the fundamentals of their biology from a biblical perspective is a daunting but achievable task.
![A Possible Function of Entamoeba histolytica in the Creation Model](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.54x.33,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/entamoeba-microscope.jpg)
A Possible Function of Entamoeba histolytica in the Creation Model
Frank Sherwin • Oct. 14, 2009
There is a need for parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica to be addressed from a biblical perspective that may include their original symbiotic or mutualistic association in man.
![A Review of Mitoribosome Structure and Function Does not Support the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/mitochondria-cell.jpg)
A Review of Mitoribosome Structure and Function Does not Support the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory
Daniel Criswell • Oct. 7, 2009
It is apparent from the knowledge gained about mitochondria ribosome structure and function since the proposal of the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory that prokaryotes are not the ancestors of eukaryotes.
![The Natural History of Retroviruses](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/testing-science.jpg)
The Natural History of Retroviruses
Yingguang Liu , et. al. • Sept. 30, 2009
Evolutionists assume that all endogenous retroviruses are remnants of germ line infection by exogenous retroviruses.
![More Abundant than Stars](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.65x.26,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/cells-sample.jpg)
More Abundant than Stars
Dr. Georgia Purdom , et. al. • Sept. 23, 2009
Microbes form a life-sustaining organosubstrate on earth and contribute to our understanding of geology, ecology, and biology.
![Bacterial Attenuation and its Link to Innate Oncolytic Potential](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v1/bacteria-sample.jpg)
Bacterial Attenuation and its Link to Innate Oncolytic Potential
Luke Kim • Oct. 15, 2008
Although bacteria have been mainly recognized as disease causing agents, there are abundant scientific evidences that bacterial pathogenicity is not the major biological function of bacteria.
![Louis Pasteur’s Views on Creation, Evolution, and the Genesis of Germs](https://cf-assets.answersingenesis.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/origin-of-life.jpg)
Louis Pasteur’s Views on Creation, Evolution, and the Genesis of Germs
Dr. Alan L. Gillen , et. al. • Dec. 27, 2020
Shortly after Darwin published On the Origin of Species, Pasteur began to challenge the idea of spontaneous generation.