![Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #1: The Necessity of Bio-monomers Not to Self-Link for the Existence of Living Organisms](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/necessity-of-bio-monomers.jpg)
Facts Cannot Be Ignored When Considering the Origin of Life #1: The Necessity of Bio-monomers Not to Self-Link for the Existence of Living Organisms
Change Laura Tan • March 9, 2022
The required automatic self-linking of monomers for abiogenesis is incompatible with the genetic information coding and decoding system that is necessary for life.
![Liver Evolution Claims Fail](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/liver-evolution-claims-fail.jpg)
Liver Evolution Claims Fail
Dr. Jerry Bergman • Oct. 20, 2021
An enormous unbridgeable gap exists between invertebrates, who do not have livers, and vertebrates, who cannot live without them.
![Evolution of the Pancreas](https://cf-assets.answersingenesis.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/aid/evolution-pancreas.jpg)
Evolution of the Pancreas
Dr. Jerry Bergman • Oct. 6, 2021
All vertebrate pancreases have an endocrine function producing insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin hormones, as well as exocrine functions producing digestive enzymes.
![Beyond the DNA-Protein Paradox: A “Clutch” of Other Chicken-Egg Paradoxes in Cell and Molecular Biology](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.50x.40,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v9/beyond-dna-protein-paradox-clutch-of-chicken-egg.jpg)
Beyond the DNA-Protein Paradox: A “Clutch” of Other Chicken-Egg Paradoxes in Cell and Molecular Biology
Derrick M. Glasco • Aug. 31, 2016
The DNA-protein paradox has long been a point of contention in the origin of life debate.
![Terrestrial Vertebrates Dissolved Near Flood Fountains](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.52x.3,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/terrestrial-dissolved-near-flood-fountains.jpg)
Terrestrial Vertebrates Dissolved Near Flood Fountains
Harry Dickens , et. al. • Nov. 18, 2015
Terrestrial vertebrates close to the Flood fountains dissolved then precipitated out to form Precambrian-Cambrian sedimentary phosphate deposits.
![Using Taxonomically Restricted Essential Genes to Determine Whether Two Organisms Can Belong to the Same Family Tree](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.49x.66,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/using-restricted-genes-organisms-belong-same-tree.jpg)
Using Taxonomically Restricted Essential Genes to Determine Whether Two Organisms Can Belong to the Same Family Tree
Change Laura Tan • Nov. 4, 2015
How are all life forms connected? Are they linked by one giant family tree, a web, or a forest of family trees?
![Challenging the BioLogos Claim that a Vitellogenin (Egg-Laying) Pseudogene Exists in the Human Genome](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.57x.71,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/challening-biologos-claim-egg-laying-exists-in-human.jpg)
Challenging the BioLogos Claim that a Vitellogenin (Egg-Laying) Pseudogene Exists in the Human Genome
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Oct. 21, 2015
Interestingly, BioLogos is probably the only evolutionary group that puts such a high level of focus on this hypothesis as key evidence for evolution.
![The Genesis and Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA): An Example of Evolution in Action?](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/genesis-and-emergence-staphylococcus-aureus.jpg)
The Genesis and Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA): An Example of Evolution in Action?
Dr. Alan L. Gillen , et. al. • Oct. 14, 2015
We have seen a changing profile from HA-MRSA to CA-MRSA. This is potentially dangerous because the new strains are more virulent and aggressive.
![Documented Anomaly in Recent Versions of the BLASTN Algorithm and a Complete Reanalysis of Chimpanzee and Human Genome-Wide DNA Similarity Using Nucmer and LASTZ](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/chimpanzee.jpg)
Documented Anomaly in Recent Versions of the BLASTN Algorithm and a Complete Reanalysis of Chimpanzee and Human Genome-Wide DNA Similarity Using Nucmer and LASTZ
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Oct. 7, 2015
Past evolutionary research in comparative DNA analysis between chimps and humans has employed a great deal of preferential and selective data analysis.
![Is HIV-1 Losing Fitness Due to Genetic Entropy?](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/testing-hiv.jpg)
Is HIV-1 Losing Fitness Due to Genetic Entropy?
Yingguang Liu • July 1, 2015
HIV-1 is an important example which shows genetic entropy operating throughout the biological realm, even while meaningful genetic adaptations are occurring.
![Information Processing Differences Between Bacteria and Eukarya—Implications for the Myth of Eukaryogenesis](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/bacteria-microscope.jpg)
Information Processing Differences Between Bacteria and Eukarya—Implications for the Myth of Eukaryogenesis
Change Laura Tan , et. al. • March 25, 2015
Based on differences in gene sets and molecular machines between bacteria and eukarya, we continue to demonstrate that unbridgeable evolutionary chasms exist.
![Information Processing Differences Between Archaea and Eukarya—Implications for Homologs and the Myth of Eukaryogenesis](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v8/cancer-cells.jpg)
Information Processing Differences Between Archaea and Eukarya—Implications for Homologs and the Myth of Eukaryogenesis
Change Laura Tan , et. al. • March 18, 2015
In the grand evolutionary paradigm, the origin of the eukaryotic cell represents one of the great mysteries and key hypothetical transitions of life.
![Christians, the Brain, and Person: Conceptual Confusion, Unintelligibility, and Implications](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.49x.38,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v7/christians-the-brain-and-person.jpg)
Christians, the Brain, and Person: Conceptual Confusion, Unintelligibility, and Implications
Callie Joubert • June 11, 2014
That psychological properties can be attributed to a brain is a popular notion, even among Christians. This paper argues that such claims are incorrect.
![The Human GULO Pseudogene—Evidence for Evolutionary Discontinuity and Genetic Entropy](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.72x.35,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v7/human-gulo-pseudogene-evidence-for-evolutionary-discontinuity.jpg)
The Human GULO Pseudogene—Evidence for Evolutionary Discontinuity and Genetic Entropy
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • April 2, 2014
Modern genomics provides the ability to screen the DNA of a wide variety of organisms to scrutinize broken metabolic pathways. This data has revealed wide-spread genetic entropy in human genomes.
![Recent, Functionally Diverse Origin for Mitochondrial Genes from ~2700 Metazoan Species](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v6/cells-microscope.jpg)
Recent, Functionally Diverse Origin for Mitochondrial Genes from ~2700 Metazoan Species
Dr. Nathaniel T. Jeanson • Dec. 11, 2013
The young-earth creation model currently lacks a robust explanation for molecular diversity.
![Alleged Human Chromosome 2 “Fusion Site” Encodes an Active DNA Binding Domain Inside a Complex and Highly Expressed Gene—Negating Fusion](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.51x.33,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v6/human-chromosome-2-fusion-site.jpg)
Alleged Human Chromosome 2 “Fusion Site” Encodes an Active DNA Binding Domain Inside a Complex and Highly Expressed Gene—Negating Fusion
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Oct. 16, 2013
A major argument supposedly supporting human evolution from a common ancestor with chimpanzees is the “chromosome 2 fusion model.”
![The Human Beta-Globin Pseudogene Is Non-Variable and Functional](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v6/human-beta-globin-pseudogene-is-nonvariable.jpg)
The Human Beta-Globin Pseudogene Is Non-Variable and Functional
Jeffrey P. Tomkins • Aug. 21, 2013
The HBBP1 gene appears to be a highly functional and cleverly integrated feature of the human genome that is intolerant of mutation.
![Is the Sodium Chloride Level in the Oceans Evidence for Abiogenesis?](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v3/sodium-chloride-level-for-abiogenesis.jpg)
Is the Sodium Chloride Level in the Oceans Evidence for Abiogenesis?
Dr. Jerry Bergman • Sept. 1, 2010
This paper examines this assumption and finds the evidence shows that the levels of salinity in seawater and human blood are markedly different.
![Towards a Creationary Classification of Mutations](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.64x.16,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/towards-a-creationary-classification-of-mutations.jpg)
Towards a Creationary Classification of Mutations
Jonathan Bartlett • Dec. 2, 2009
Mutations are normally classified according to their proximal effect on an organism’s fitness, whether beneficial, deleterious, or neutral.
![The Role of Genomic Islands, Mutation, and Displacement in the Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.56x.23,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/bacteria-sample.jpg)
The Role of Genomic Islands, Mutation, and Displacement in the Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Dr. Georgia Purdom • Oct. 28, 2009
Bacteria are mostly beneficial, even though a minority are known as pathogens. They are necessary for natural processes such as human digestion and biogeochemical cycling.
![Fungi from the Biblical Perspective](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/mushrooms-fungi.jpg)
Fungi from the Biblical Perspective
Ira Loucks • Oct. 21, 2009
Fungi are intriguing organisms with a wealth of diversity in their morphology and ecology. Determining the fundamentals of their biology from a biblical perspective is a daunting but achievable task.
![A Review of Mitoribosome Structure and Function Does not Support the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory](https://cf-assets.answersresearchjournal.org/cdn-cgi/image/width=400,height=250,f=auto,g=.x.,fit=cover,q=75/img/cms/content/contentnode/image/papers/v2/mitochondria-cell.jpg)
A Review of Mitoribosome Structure and Function Does not Support the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory
Daniel Criswell • Oct. 7, 2009
It is apparent from the knowledge gained about mitochondria ribosome structure and function since the proposal of the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory that prokaryotes are not the ancestors of eukaryotes.